USDG Guide to Conquering Blackjack: The Only Blackjack 21 Resource You’ll Need
Introduction to Blackjack
Welcome to this exhaustive guide that takes you into the very heart and soul of blackjack. Often called 21, this classic casino card game brings together both novices and veteran gamblers into an arena where skill, strategy, and a bit of luck intertwine.
This guide will not only offer you a comprehensive outlook but also impart advanced methods, proven techniques, and rich insights for mastering every corner of this intriguing gambling game.
YouTube Video: How to Play Blackjack | WikiHow
Blackjack’s Origins and Rich History
Contrary to popular belief, the roots of blackjack can be traced back to several cultures, including Spanish, French, and even Roman civilizations. However, the version most closely related to modern blackjack originated from France in the 18th century, called “Vingt-et-Un” (21 in French).
It made its way to North America in the late 19th century, where it evolved.
The game got its contemporary name, “Blackjack,” from a special bet where a hand of an Ace of Spades and a black Jack provided higher payouts.
This special bet is no longer used, but the name stuck.
Blackjack Rules for Beginners
The Gameplay Cycle
- The Deal: A typical game begins with players placing their bets. Cards are dealt from a “shoe,” which can hold multiple decks. Each player and the dealer are dealt two cards. One of the dealer’s cards remains face-up for everyone to see.
- Player’s Turn: Players evaluate their hands and decide whether to ‘hit’ to take another card or ‘stand’ to stick with their total. Advanced moves include ‘doubling down,’ where you double your bet and take only one more card, and ‘splitting,’ dividing a pair into two separate hands.
- Dealer’s Turn: After players make their moves, the dealer uncovers their second card. Dealer’s actions are automated; they must hit until their cards total 17 or higher. Some casinos enforce that dealers hit on a ‘Soft 17’ (a hand containing an Ace valued as 11).
- Settlement: If your hand value is closer to 21 than the dealer’s without going over, you win. Other outcomes include a ‘push,’ where you and the dealer have the same hand value, resulting in a tie, and the rarer ‘blackjack,’ an Ace and a 10-value card as the first two cards, which usually pays 3:2.
Rule Variations in Blackjack Games
- European No-Hole-Card Rule: In some European versions, the dealer takes only one card initially and draws the second card after players have completed their hands.
- Surrender: Some casinos allow what’s known as ‘Late Surrender,’ where you can give up half your bet to forfeit your hand after the dealer checks for blackjack.
15 Invaluable Facts to Master the Game
Objective: Beat the Dealer Without Exceeding 21
Many novice players think the primary goal of blackjack is to get as close to 21 as possible. While hitting 21 is advantageous, the actual objective is to beat the dealer’s hand without going over 21. Understanding this subtlety can radically shift your strategy during gameplay. For example, if you have a total of 12 and the dealer’s face-up card is a 6, it’s often advisable to stand. This is because the dealer’s chances of busting are high.
Betting aggressively to hit 21 in such scenarios can lead to unnecessary losses.
Card Values: Understand the Worth of Each Card
The deck contains cards with varied values, shaping the strategy and outcome of the game:
- 2 to 10: These cards hold their face value.
- Face Cards (Kings, Queens, Jacks): Worth 10 points.
- Aces: Can be valued as either 1 or 11.
The flexibility of the Ace makes it a pivotal card in blackjack. For example, if you hold an Ace and a 6 (known as a “soft 17”), you can take an additional card without the fear of busting. If the next card is a 10, your Ace reverts from 11 to 1, allowing your hand to total 17 instead of 27.
Double Down: A Double-Edged Sword
The Double Down feature is a powerful tool that can lead to significant gains or losses. After receiving your first two cards, you can opt to double your initial bet and commit to standing after receiving just one more card. This move is most beneficial when holding a total of 10 or 11 because your odds of drawing a 10-value card to make a strong hand are higher.
However, doubling down requires a keen understanding of when to use it. Misusing this feature can result in doubling your losses.
Therefore, it’s crucial to consult a basic strategy chart and consider the dealer’s face-up card before making this decision.
Importance of the Dealer’s Upcard
The dealer’s face-up card significantly influences your strategy. If the dealer has a low-value card like a 4, 5, or 6, they are more likely to bust. In such situations, you might choose to be more conservative in your approach. Conversely, if the dealer shows a strong card like an Ace, 9, or 10, caution is advised as the dealer has a better chance of creating a strong hand.
Soft vs. Hard Hands
A “soft hand” is any hand that includes an Ace counted as 11 without exceeding 21. For example, an Ace and a 7 make a soft 18. Soft hands provide you with the flexibility to hit without the risk of busting. A “hard hand” is a hand that either doesn’t contain an Ace or has an Ace counted as 1. Knowing the difference between soft and hard hands is crucial for decision-making during the game.
When to Split in Blackjack
Splitting can be a rewarding but risky strategy. When you receive two cards of the same value, you can split them into two separate hands, each with its own bet.
The most common split scenarios involve a pair of 8s or Aces. Splitting 8s is generally advisable because 16 is a weak total, whereas two separate hands starting with 8 are stronger.
Always split Aces; each Ace gives you a strong starting point.
Never Take Insurance
Insurance is a side bet offered when the dealer shows an Ace. It pays 2:1 if the dealer has a blackjack. While it might seem like a way to offset the high likelihood of losing the round, insurance is generally considered a poor bet because it increases the house edge. Experienced players typically avoid it.
Mind Your Bankroll
Manage your funds effectively to ensure long-term play. Set a loss limit and stick to it. Also, decide on a unit bet size and adjust it based on your performance and confidence level.
Position Matters
Your seat at the blackjack table can impact your game. Sitting in the “third base” position (last to act before the dealer) allows you to see how other players have acted, providing more information before making your own decisions.
Play With Favorable Rules
Always select a game with favorable rules to minimize the house edge. For instance, a game where the dealer must stand on soft 17 is more advantageous to the player than one where the dealer hits on soft 17.
Counting Isn’t Illegal but…
Card counting is a legitimate strategy to gain an edge, but casinos reserve the right to refuse service to players they suspect of counting. Maintain a low profile if you decide to employ this strategy.
The House Always Has an Edge
While employing strategies can lower it, remember that the house always has an inherent advantage. It’s a game of skill, but luck plays an undeniable role.
Practicing Online Helps
Before hitting a real casino, practicing online can provide a low-risk environment to hone your skills, understand the pace of the game, and get comfortable with strategies.
Understanding Table Etiquette
Apart from game strategy, understanding table etiquette is essential. This includes knowing when to touch your cards (in games where it’s allowed), how to signal your decisions to the dealer, and how to handle chips.
Be Aware of Payouts
Standard blackjack pays 3:2, but some casinos offer games that pay 6:5 or even 1:1. Always go for the game with the best payouts to maximize your winnings.
Understanding these 15 points will help you not just understand the game better, but also play it more effectively, maximizing both your enjoyment and potential returns.
Time-Tested Tips from Blackjack Luminaries
Ken Uston, the GOAT of blackjack, provided unparalleled insights:
- Master Basic Strategy: You should know basic strategy like the palm of your hand. Practice consistently using strategy charts until you no longer need to refer to them.
- Team Play: Uston was famous for his team-based card-counting techniques. If you can find a reliable team, you can reap benefits from card counting while minimizing the chances of getting caught.
- Bankroll Management: According to Uston, bankroll management is just as crucial as the actual gameplay. Always set aside a fixed budget and never cross it, regardless of the winnings or losses.
Other Experts
Edward O. Thorp, the author of “Beat the Dealer,” suggests a strong analytical approach. Utilize computer simulations to improve your understanding of the game’s statistics and probabilities.
Dissecting the Anatomy of the Game
Player Behavior and Decision-Making
The most distinguishing characteristic of blackjack is the role of decision-making. Unlike other gambling games like slots or roulette, the choices you make in blackjack substantially influence the outcome. This involves not just what’s on your hand but also keen observation of the dealer’s open card and understanding its implications. For example, if the dealer’s face-up card is a 6, they are more likely to bust, prompting more conservative play from you.
House Edge and Variability
Another crucial aspect is the house edge, which can vary based on the specific game rules and number of decks in use. While the house edge in a standard blackjack game can be as low as 0.5% if you apply basic strategy perfectly, this can rise to approximately 2% in games with less favorable rules.
Breakdown of Blackjack Basic Strategy
What is Basic Strategy and Why It Matters
In the world of blackjack, the term “Basic Strategy” refers to a set of guidelines developed through mathematical calculations and computer simulations to provide players with the optimal course of action for any given situation. Basic Strategy doesn’t promise you’ll win every hand, but it does significantly decrease the house edge, boosting your chances of a profitable session. With the average house edge in blackjack being around 0.5% when employing Basic Strategy, it is among the most favorable games in a casino for the player.
Elements of Basic Strategy
Basic Strategy can seem overwhelming, but it’s constructed based on two essential factors: the dealer’s face-up card and the player’s total hand value. When you combine these two pieces of information, Basic Strategy will tell you the most mathematically sound decision to make, be it to hit, stand, double down, or split. The recommendations change depending on the exact rules of the game you’re playing (e.g., whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17), but the core principles remain consistent.
The Basic Strategy Chart
A Basic Strategy chart is often presented in a tabular format, with the dealer’s face-up card running along the top and the player’s total hand value listed down the side. The intersecting cells offer the optimal move. Here’s a simplified example:
| Player\Dealer | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 or less | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
| 9 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
| 10-11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
| 12-16 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
| 17 or more | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
Legend:
- H: Hit
- S: Stand
- D: Double Down
Decoding the Moves
- Hit (H): Taking another card is often the right move when the probability of busting is low, and there’s room for improvement.
- Stand (S): Opting not to take an additional card is wise when your hand is strong enough to beat the dealer’s potential hands or when the risk of busting is high.
- Double Down (D): Doubling your bet and taking only one more card is advantageous when the odds of winning are high. This is generally advised when you have a total of 9, 10, or 11.
Advanced Basic Strategy: Composition-Dependent Strategy
Beyond the standard Basic Strategy, there exists a more nuanced approach known as “Composition-Dependent Strategy.” This advanced method takes into account the specific cards that make up your hand, rather than just the total points. For instance, a hand of 16 made up of a 4, 5, and 7 might have a different optimal move than a 16 composed of two 8s.
Basic Strategy and Rule Variations
Basic Strategy isn’t one-size-fits-all. Changes in game rules, like whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17 or if doubling down after splitting is allowed, necessitate adjustments to Basic Strategy. Always make sure you’re using the chart tailored for the game’s specific rules.
When and How to Deviate from Basic Strategy
You may wonder if there are instances where you should deviate from Basic Strategy. The answer is mostly no, especially for beginners. However, for those who master card counting, deviations become viable when the unplayed cards are rich in 10s and Aces, offering favorable conditions.
Conclusion
Mastering Basic Strategy is the first major milestone for anyone serious about excelling in blackjack. The technique fine-tunes your decisions, aligns your actions with mathematical probability, and notably reduces the house edge. Remember, however, that the Basic Strategy isn’t foolproof; it doesn’t guarantee a win but significantly enhances the odds in your favor. Stick with it, understand its nuances, and you’ll find your blackjack gameplay improving steadily.
Advanced Techniques
For those willing to go a step further, techniques like shuffle tracking and ace sequencing are advanced strategies that aim to give players an additional edge. However, these techniques require intense concentration and a good grasp of the core strategies to be effective.
A Scholarly Take on Card Counting
Card counting has long been a topic of intrigue, fascination, and controversy within the realm of blackjack. Developed with mathematical rigor, card counting systems aim to provide players with an edge against the house by predicting the nature of upcoming cards. Although not illegal, these practices are closely monitored by casinos for obvious reasons. Below, we dissect the intricacies of card counting, delving into both basic and advanced methods, as well as the inherent risks associated with this strategy.
Basic Blackjack Card Counting Systems
Hi-Lo Count System
The Hi-Lo Count system, conceived by Harvey Dubner, is the cornerstone of card counting methods and serves as an excellent entry point for budding card counters. This system assigns cards a value of +1 for cards between 2 and 6, a value of 0 for cards 7 through 9, and a value of -1 for cards 10 through Ace. The core idea behind the Hi-Lo system is to give the player an understanding of the composition of the remaining deck.
When the count is positive, the remaining deck is rich in high-value cards like tens, face cards, and aces. This situation is advantageous for the player for several reasons:
- A higher likelihood of getting a blackjack, which pays out at 3:2.
- The dealer has a higher chance of busting when forced to hit on a 12 through 16.
- Doubling down becomes more effective when the remaining cards are high-value.
Omega II System
While the Hi-Lo system is relatively straightforward, the Omega II system, on the other hand, is more intricate but offers a higher level of accuracy. In this system, the card values are as follows:
- 2, 3, 7: +1
- 4, 5, 6: +2
- 9: -1
- 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace: -2
This multifaceted approach enhances the predictive capacity of the system but requires greater mental acuity and concentration.
Advanced Counting Methods
Wong Halves System
Developed by Stanford Wong, a renowned figure in the world of professional blackjack, the Wong Halves system is a balanced card counting method that assigns fractional values to the cards. These values range from -1, 0, 0.5, 1, to 1.5. Though it demands higher levels of calculation due to the fractional components, it offers a more precise gauge of the deck’s composition.
Uston APC System
Another level up in terms of complexity is the Uston Advanced Point Count (APC). This system, developed by the legendary Ken Uston, not only assigns different values to cards but also keeps track of the aces left in the deck. By including this additional layer of information, the Uston APC provides a more nuanced and comprehensive count, thereby offering an even greater edge to the skilled player.
The Risks of Card Counting
While the allure of card counting is undeniable, it’s crucial to understand the associated risks. Card counting in itself isn’t illegal; however, casinos reserve the right to refuse service or ban players deemed to be counting cards. They deploy a host of countermeasures to detect and deter card counters:
- Changing the Deck: Casinos might shuffle the deck more frequently to disrupt the count.
- Surveillance: Advanced facial recognition technology and CCTV are often used.
- Pit Boss Scrutiny: Experienced floor managers keep an eye out for betting patterns that are indicative of card counting.
To sum up, card counting is a high-risk, high-reward strategy that demands mathematical prowess, a sharp memory, and a cool disposition. It can offer a significant edge when executed correctly but can also bring about swift repercussions if detected. Therefore, it is a method best employed by those who have a deep understanding of the game and are willing to invest the time and mental energy required to master it.
YouTube Video: How to Count Cards (A Guide That Works)
Blackjack Data and Statistics
| Factors | Effect on Player’s Odds (%) | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Single vs Multiple Decks | -0.48% | Wizard of Odds |
| Dealer Stands on Soft 17 | +0.22% | Blackjack: Play Like the Pros |
| Double After Split Allowed | +0.14% | WizardofOdds |
| Re-splitting Aces Allowed | +0.03% | Tripadvisor |
21 Blackjack Conclusions: Casino Game Mechanics
As you delve deeper into the universe of blackjack, understanding its intricate details becomes increasingly paramount. Here, we present a comprehensive list of 21 conclusions that distill crucial aspects of the game, from deck number to rule variations, and how they impact your odds of winning. Each point is examined thoroughly to offer a nuanced understanding of the game’s mechanics.
Single vs Multiple Decks
Playing blackjack with a single deck has been shown to substantially lower the house edge by about 0.48%. While this number might seem small, over an extended period or higher stakes, this margin can make a significant difference. Single-deck games are often seen as more ‘player-friendly’ but are harder to find in casinos because of the advantage they offer to players.
Dealer Stands on Soft 17
When the dealer stands on a soft 17, meaning a hand containing an Ace valued as 11 (like Ace-6), it slightly shifts the odds in the player’s favor by approximately 0.22%. This rule eliminates an additional opportunity for the dealer to improve their hand, thereby providing a subtle advantage to players who recognize its value.
Double After Split Allowed
Being allowed to double down after a split elevates your odds of winning by 0.14%. This rule adds a layer of complexity to your strategic decisions, providing avenues for more substantial wins when conditions are favorable. Suppose you split a pair of 7s and receive another 7 on one hand. The ability to double down can offer a lucrative opportunity, particularly if the dealer’s up-card is weak.
Re-splitting Aces Allowed
While allowing re-splitting Aces doesn’t dramatically improve your winning odds, it still offers a marginal advantage of about 0.03%. Even small percentages can translate into significant gains or losses over a prolonged period. In high-stakes games, taking advantage of this slight edge could mean the difference between walking away a winner or a loser.
Early Surrender Available
The option for early surrender, relinquishing half your bet before the dealer checks for blackjack, can decrease the house edge by 0.62%. It’s a feature rarely found in most casinos but can be invaluable when faced with a bad hand against a strong dealer up-card like an Ace or 10.
Late Surrender Allowed
Late surrender, giving up half your bet after the dealer checks for blackjack but before the game continues, decreases the house edge by about 0.07%. While not as beneficial as early surrender, it still provides a fallback option in situations where defeat seems imminent.
Doubling Down on Any Two Cards
The freedom to double down on any initial two cards improves your odds by 0.23%. This liberating rule allows for a wider range of tactical plays, letting you amplify your gains during favorable counts or conditions.
Blackjack Pays 3:2
Games where a player’s blackjack pays 3:2, as opposed to 6:5, can significantly affect the house edge. Specifically, a 3:2 payout improves your chances by a notable 1.39%. Always opt for games that offer this payout structure, as it directly impacts your winnings.
Multiple Splits Allowed
Being able to perform multiple splits in a single game marginally enhances your odds. Although this scenario is relatively rare, when it does occur, it provides another layer of strategic depth, thus making the game more favorable for the player.
Dealer Peeks for Blackjack
In games where the dealer peeks for blackjack, thus avoiding additional player losses in the round if the dealer has a blackjack, the house edge decreases by 0.1%. This rule eradicates scenarios where players make additional bets like doubling down or splitting, only to lose to a dealer’s blackjack.
Hole Card Rule
In European blackjack, the absence of a hole card affects strategic decisions, particularly concerning splits and double downs. This rule increases the house edge by around 0.11% since players can lose multiple bets if the dealer ends up with a blackjack.
Five Card Charlie Rule
In some rare instances, having five cards in a hand without busting (known as a ‘Five Card Charlie’) may result in an immediate win. The specific effect on house edge varies but usually decreases it by around 0.16%.
Use of Continuous Shuffling Machines (CSMs)
CSMs make card counting virtually impossible, increasing the house edge. The actual percentage varies based on other rules, but generally, this practice is disadvantageous for the player.
No Double After Split
Restrictions on doubling down after a split augment the house edge by about 0.14%. This rule limits your opportunities for high-reward plays, particularly in situations where you’re more likely to win.
Split Only Once
Being restricted to splitting only once increases the house edge by around 0.1%. It hinders your adaptability in the face of potentially profitable splitting opportunities.
By understanding the influence of each rule and condition on the house edge, players can make more informed choices about which blackjack games to participate in. These 21 conclusions encapsulate the many nuances of blackjack, enabling you to approach the game with a richer comprehension of its complexities.
How to Play Blackjack Online
The Rise of Online Blackjack
In recent years, online blackjack has skyrocketed in popularity, offering a convenient alternative to traditional, land-based casinos. With the advent of modern technology, high-speed internet, and sophisticated gaming software, online blackjack provides an immersive experience that rivals, and sometimes even surpasses, playing in person. Here, we’ll explore everything you need to know to transition your game from the felt table to the digital realm.
Choosing the Right Platform
The first step in venturing into online blackjack is selecting a trustworthy and reputable platform. You want to choose an online casino that is licensed and regulated by established gambling authorities. Look for certifications from organizations like the UK Gambling Commission or the Malta Gaming Authority. These accreditations ensure fairness, security, and integrity.
Game Variations and Rule Sets Online
When you play blackjack online, you’ll encounter a plethora of game variations that might not be available at a brick-and-mortar establishment. Games like ‘Blackjack Switch,’ ‘Double Exposure Blackjack,’ and ‘Atlantic City Blackjack’ each come with their unique rule sets and strategies. Make sure to understand the specific rules and house edge of the game variant you select.
Setting Up Your Account and Depositing Funds
Creating an account is generally straightforward. You’ll need to provide some basic personal information and choose a payment method for deposits and withdrawals. Most online casinos offer a range of options, including credit/debit cards, e-wallets like PayPal, and even cryptocurrencies. Ensure you read the terms and conditions to understand any transaction fees or minimum deposit requirements.
Navigating the Interface
Online blackjack interfaces are designed to simulate the real-life experience as closely as possible. However, the digital format allows for quick bet placement, auto-replenishment of your bankroll, and easy access to rule explanations and strategy charts. Familiarize yourself with the interface before you start playing for real money.
Utilizing Online Tools
One of the advantages of playing online is the accessibility of various tools to enhance your game. Whether it’s Basic Strategy charts that you can keep open in another tab or software that tracks your play, take advantage of these aids, especially as a beginner.
Online Etiquette and Fair Play
Online blackjack is generally a solitary endeavor, but if you opt for live dealer games, you’ll interact with a real dealer and possibly other players. Maintain proper etiquette, just as you would in a physical casino. This includes not berating the dealer or other players and respecting the pace of play.
Pros and Cons of Playing Online
Pros:
- Convenience: Play anytime, anywhere.
- Variety: Access to multiple game variations.
- Lower Limits: Games can often be played for smaller stakes online.
Cons:
- Lack of Social Interaction: Unless you’re playing live dealer games.
- Faster Play: Easier to lose money quickly if not careful.
Online vs. In-Person Strategy
While Basic Strategy remains the same, some of the nuances of card counting and “reading the table” are lost in the online format, especially if you’re playing a game that uses a Random Number Generator (RNG). However, live dealer games still offer some scope for these more advanced strategies.
Security Measures
The leading online casinos employ robust security measures like SSL encryption to protect your data and financial transactions. Always play on secure and well-reviewed sites to ensure your personal information is safe.
Conclusions
Playing blackjack online is a compelling and increasingly popular way to enjoy the game. It offers convenience, a wide array of game options, and the opportunity to use helpful digital tools. However, it’s crucial to exercise the same level of caution and strategy as you would in a brick-and-mortar casino to ensure a fair, safe, and rewarding experience.
This is just the tip of the iceberg; each of these topics can be expanded into a full-blown essay. But for now, let this serve as your USDG definitive roadmap for understanding and mastering blackjack. Whether you’re a casual player or aspire to become a professional, this guide arms you with the tools you need to play confidently and intelligently.
8 Essential FAQs on How to Play Blackjack
1. What is the primary objective in blackjack?
The main goal is not to hit 21, as many believe, but to beat the dealer. You accomplish this by having a hand value closer to 21 than the dealer’s hand without going over 21.
2. How are cards valued in blackjack?
Cards between 2 and 10 are worth their face value. Face cards (King, Queen, Jack) are each worth 10 points. Aces can be worth either 1 or 11 points, depending on what’s more favorable for your hand.
3. What does it mean to “double down”?
Doubling down allows you to double your initial bet after receiving your first two cards. You’ll then receive just one more card. This is generally advantageous when your first two cards total 9, 10, or 11 and the dealer’s face-up card is weak (usually a 6 or lower).
4. When should I “split” my cards?
You can opt to split when you have two cards of the same value (e.g., two 8s). This divides your hand into two separate hands, each with its own bet. It’s generally advisable to always split Aces and 8s but never split 5s or 10s.
5. What’s the deal with “insurance” in blackjack?
Insurance is a side bet offered when the dealer shows an Ace as their face-up card. This bet pays 2:1 and wins if the dealer has a blackjack. However, it’s generally considered a poor wager due to its high house edge.
6. Can I count cards in blackjack?
Yes, card counting is a legal strategy, but it’s frowned upon by casinos. It involves keeping track of the ratio of high to low-value cards remaining in the deck. This can give skilled players a mathematical edge over the house, particularly in land-based casinos.
7. What is Basic Strategy, and should I always follow it?
Basic Strategy is a mathematically calculated set of rules that tell you the best action to take based on your cards and the dealer’s face-up card. While it doesn’t guarantee wins, it minimizes the house edge. For most players, particularly beginners, it’s advisable to stick to Basic Strategy.
8. Is online blackjack different from playing in a casino?
The basic rules and objectives remain the same in both formats. However, online blackjack often provides a broader range of game variations. Strategy can also differ slightly, particularly since card counting is generally ineffective in online games that use Random Number Generators (RNGs).
These FAQs cover the fundamental aspects of blackjack, helping you build a solid foundation whether you’re a beginner or a seasoned player looking for a quick refresher.
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